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i had two harddrives in which to store files and programs; a system c:/ and a system f:/
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Are you sure you had two hard drives? Or did you have a single hard drive that was "partitioned"? From Windows perspective, partitions are treated as separate drives, and are assigned separate drive letters. Most laptops only have one physical hard drive.
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I wanted to know if there were a way to retrieve these files and/or programs from my old Toshiba and transfer them somehow to my new toshiba.
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The problem is, you said the original HD crashed. So, depending on how damaged it is, and how much money you want to spend, you may or may not be able to retrieve your old files off it.
Probably the easiest thing to do is to attach your old hard drive to a PC using a
Laptop to IDE Hard Drive Adapter. Then the laptop's HD will show up under the PC's My Computer, and files can be copy and pasted to the PC. You can then do the reverse for the new HD to copy the files to your system, or connect both the PC and laptop to a common network and transfer files, or burn a CD/DVD with your files.
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Can the memory chips within the laptop hold files as well?
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Yes and no. There are several types of memory used in a computer. The main "system" memory is RAM - for Random Access Memory and the key thing here for you to remember is that all data stored in RAM is lost when power is removed. So, as far as you retrieving any data (files and programs), hard drives are the only storage devices you need to be worried about - assuming there are no external storage devices attached such as a memory sticks, thumb drives, or external USB or Firewire drives.
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Is there a way i can troubleshoot this crashed 80 GB hard drive
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Yes.
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and get it working again?
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I don't know - that depends on what is wrong with it. At this point, since any use of the drive risks [further] corruption, the goal is to retrieve any salvageable files you don't want to lose - assuming you have not been making regular backups of your important files and documents in the event of just such a failure.

The safest way to do this is to install the suspect drive as a slave or secondary drive in a PC, then copy the files over - this minimizes the risk of writing to the drive, and potentially corrupting data.
Seagate created
SeaTools to test Seagate and Maxtor drives. There are a couple versions, depending on how you wish to test it. I prefer the DOS method as it allows you to boot the machine into DOS (instead of Windows) so you can test a bad boot drive - the floppy version is easiest, and just another reason to keep a floppy drive around.
There are data recovery programs that work to various degrees. Or you can take the drive to a data recovery center, pay BIG bucks, and they can do a "forensics" data analysis for you to recover anything that is left. Depending on the value of the data stored, paying several $1000s for such services may be a bargain deal!