There are many ways to implement security on your Website via a huge array of scripts and fancy encryption. If you have a Website and wish to secure an entire section or simply just a page this can be done by using htaccess.

What is htaccess?

htaccess is the default name of the Apache directory-level configuration file. The .htaccess file configures the current directory with things like password protection but can also perform a wide range of other useful techniques. For the purposes of this “how to” we will be using .htaccess to secure an entire directory or simply a single web page.

This is useful because you may have a “members only” area which you want to restrict to certain users or perhaps a private area where you have statistics or information you don’t want publicly viewable.

The first step is to create your encrypted user name and password. There are few places which allow you to do this (free of charge of course!)

http://www.4webhelp.net/us/password.php

http://www.htmlite.com/HTA006a.php

Choose a User Name and a Password and then encrypt to receive a string of text similar to this:

dal:20fnCgEGpRopc

This is your encrypted login info.

Next open up Notepad, you can find this by selecting the Windows Start Button followed by “Run” and typing “Notepad” then hit enter and the Notepad text editor should launch.

Now simply copy and paste your encrypted login info into the text file and then save it as “.htpasswd” NOTE: the dot before htpasswd!

Once you have this file saved you need to upload it to your web space. make sure you upload the file in a directory above the “Home” or “public_html” root folder.

Next we need the .htaccess file. This file tells apache which files or folders you want to protect.

Open up Notepad again so you have a new document. The code to protect an entire folder on your site will look like this:

AuthUserFile /full/path/to/.htpasswd
AuthType Basic
AuthName “The Private Folder”
Require valid-user

The section which says “/full/path/to/.htpasswd” needs to be the full path to the folder you wish to protect. If you are unsure of this path you may want to ask your web hosting provider.

The .htaccess file will protect the contents of that folder specified above and all sub folders and content below that folder as well.

If you wanted to simply protect one page your code would like like this:

AuthUserFile /full/path/to/.htpasswd
AuthType Basic
AuthName “The Private Page”

<Files “private.html”>
  Require valid-user
</Files>

This would ensure that only the page “private.html” would be protected. Again the correct path to your .htpasswd file must be entered.

Once you have the desired code, save the notepad file as “.htaccess” (Again remember that dot!) and now upload this file to the same directory you wish to protect or which holds the private file.

Now test out your new .htaccess protection by trying to access the folder or file you have protected. You should be presented with a user name and password prompt. Enter your chosen user name and encrypted password which was created earlier i.e. mine would be user: dal password: 20fnCgEGpRopc.

If you have any problems getting .htaccess to work it could be because your host does not support it. Sometimes it’s easy to get this enabled for your site so speak with your web host.

Google’s search engine has many tricks which people never even realised existed! Not only is Google excellent for searching the Web, it also has some neat functionality built in to perform a variety of useful tricks.

1> Can’t find your calculator? no problem. Google can perform calculations easily from the search bar. Simply type the sum directly into the search box such as “10 + 120″ or “16 / 10″. You can also do conversions, so for example try typing “100 metres in feet” or “1kg in grams”

2> Search a specific Website only. If you just want to search one Website for a particular keyword you can use the “site:” command followed by the domain and then a keyword. For example, to search D-A-L.com for the keyword “Spyware” you would type “site:d-a-l.com spyware”

3> Gettting confused with all the acronyms flying around? Use the power of Google to give you word definitions. For example to find the definition(s) for “RAM” type “define: RAM”

4> Need the time? get an instant check on the local time anywhere in the world. For example to find out the local time in London, type “time london”

5> Find related words and documents by using a “~” before your keyword. For example type in “~computer”

Getting Started

Before formatting your hard disk you may want to make sure you have a few things covered…

• Formatting will completely wipe your computers hard disk so make sure you have backups of all personal files you wish to keep on the PC
• It is likely your PC came with a number of CD’s and manuals so make sure you have all of those to hand. If you have a CD with SYSTEM RESTORE on it this will be better to use so keep hold of this as it will do a lot of the hard work for you.
• Make sure you have copies of software which you may want to reinstall like Microsoft Office.
• It is a good idea to make a note of what graphics card you have and any specific devices you have installed in device manager.

If you have Win98, ME or XP, create a Startup disk. These disks will load CD-ROM drivers at the boot. If you are using Windows 95, you will need to create a bootable disk and add the CD-ROM drivers for your CD-ROM.

Using FDISK

Before you install your operating system, you must first create a primary partition on the hard disk on your computer, and then format a file system on that partition.

1. Insert your Startup disk in the floppy disk drive and boot the computer.

If you are installing Windows 98, 98SE or ME you need to do the following.

a. At the Startup menu is, select Start computer without CD-ROM support and then press ENTER.

b. At the a: prompt type FDISK, and then press ENTER. If you are at the C: prompt simply type a: to switch to the a: prompt (this is your floppy drive) 2. Your hard disk is most likely larger than 512 MB so you will receive the following message:

Your computer has a disk larger than 512 MB. This version of Windows includes improved support for large disks, resulting in more efficient use of disk space on large drives, and allowing disks over 2 GB to be formatted as a single drive. Do you wish to enable large disk support? NOTE: If you want to use the FAT32 file system, press Y and then press ENTER. If you want to use the FAT16 file system, press N, and then press ENTER. For additional information about the FAT32 and FAT16 file systems see below.

http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/setup/expert/russel_october01.mspx

3. After you press ENTER, the following FDISK Options menu is displayed:

1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive 2. Set active partition

3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive

4. Display partition information

5. Change current fixed disk drive
Note: Option 5 is available only if you have two physical hard disks in the computer. 4. Press 1 to select the Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive menu option, and then press ENTER.

5. Press 1 to select the Create Primary DOS Partition menu option, and then press ENTER.

6. After you press ENTER, you will receive the following message:

Do you wish to use the maximum available size for primary DOS partition?

Note: After you receive this message, use one of the following methods, depending on the file system that you selected.

For a FAT32 File System

If you pressed Y for the FAT32 file system (in step 2) and you want all of the space on the hard disk to be assigned to the c: drive press Y and then press ENTER.

a. Press ESC, and then press ESC to quit the FDISK tool and return to a command prompt. For a FAT16 File System

If you press N for the FAT16 file system (in step 2), you can accept the default 2 GB size for the partition size, or you can customize the size of the partition.

To accept the default partition size: a. If you want the first 2 GB on the hard disk to be assigned to drive C, press Y, and then press ENTER.

b. Press ESC to return to the Options menu, and then continue on with the following “To customize the partition size” section.

To customize the partition size:

a. If you want to customize the size of the partitions (drive letters) on the hard disk, press N, and then press ENTER.

b. A dialog box is displayed in which you can type the size that you want for the primary partition in MB or percent of disk space.

Note: For computers that are running either Windows 98 or Windows Me, Microsoft recommends that you make the primary partition at least 500 MB in size.

c. Type the size of the partition that you want to create, and then press ENTER. d. Press ESC to return to the Options menu.

e. To assign drive letters to the additional space on the hard disk, press 1, and then press ENTER.

f. Press 2 to select the Create Extended DOS Partition menu option, and then press ENTER.

g. You will receive a dialog box that displays the maximum space that is available for the extended partition. You can adjust the size of the partition or use the default size. Note that the default maximum space is recommended, but you can divide the space between multiple drive letters. Type the amount of space that you want, press ENTER, and then press ESC.

h. The Create Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition menu is displayed. This is the menu that you can use to assign the remaining hard disk space to the additional drive letters. Type the amount of space that you want to assign to the next drive letter in the Enter logical drive size in Mbytes or percent of disk space (%) box, and then press ENTER.

i. A table that lists the drive letter that you created and the amount of space on that drive is displayed. If there is free space on the hard disk, it is displayed near the bottom of the table. Repeat steps a through i until you receive the following message:

All available space in the Extended DOS Partition is assigned to local drives.

j. After you receive this message, press ESC to return to the Options menu.

k. To activate the partition from which you plan to boot (usually drive C), press 2 to select the Set active partition menu option, and then press ENTER.

l. When you receive the following message, press 1, and then press ENTER:

Enter the number of the partition you want to make active.

m. Press ESC, and then press ESC to quit the FDISK tool and return to a command prompt, now reboot your PC keeping your startup disk in the floppy drive.

In the previous section “Part 2: How to Use the FDISK Tool” the FDISK command was explained how to prepare the drive to be formatted. In this article the focus is on the format command.

Before beginning to format the hard drive check to make sure all the required software and disks are available. Review the “Getting Started” section on “Part 1: Formatting Your Hard Drive”.

Formatting the Hard Disk

BE AWARE THAT THIS COMMAND WILL COMPLETELY WIPE THE DATA FROM YOUR HARD DISK SO ONLY USE THIS COMMAND IF YOU ARE SURE YOU WISH TO ERASE ALL DATA FROM THE HARD DISK.

1. You should have just rebooted the machine after using FDISK so now your PC will be booting once again from the floppy drive. If you are installing Windows 98, Windows 98 Second Edition, or Windows ME:

a. When the Microsoft Windows 98 Startup menu is displayed, select the Start computer without CD-ROM support menu option, and then press ENTER.

b. At a command prompt, type in without quotes, “format c:” and then press ENTER.

NOTE: If you receive a “Bad command or file name” message, you may need to extract the Format.com utility to your Startup disk. To do this, type the following command at a command prompt, and then press ENTER:

extract ebd.cab format.com

After the Format.com utility is extracted to your Startup disk and a command prompt is displayed, type format c:.
c. When you successfully run the Format.com utility, you receive the following prompt:

WARNING, ALL DATA ON NON-REMOVABLE DISK DRIVE C: WILL BE LOST!

Proceed with Format (Y/N)?

Press Y, and then press ENTER to format drive C.

d. After the format procedure is finished, you receive the following prompt:

Volume label (11 characters, ENTER for none)?

This is an optional feature that you can use to type a name for the hard disk. Type an 11-character name for the drive, or leave it blank, and then press ENTER.
e. Repeat steps a through d for any additional drive letters that you created.

INSTALLING THE OPERATING SYSTEM

Now you hard disk is ready to load the operating system.

You may have a bootable CD so try putting this in the CD drive first and reboot the machine. You may have to go into the BIOS and make the CD-ROM drive the first bootable device. If you PC does not recognise the CD the PC will not boot and you will have to boot from your floppy boot disk again.

Reboot with your floppy startup disk.

a. When the Microsoft Windows 98 Startup menu is displayed, select the Start computer with CD-ROM support menu option, and then press ENTER.

Once at the E: or D: drive depending on the drive letter for your CD-ROM drive you need to run the setup.exe on the CD. The setup.exe could be located in a few different folders on the CD so browse the CD using dir command and switch folders using the cd command until you find setup.